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The hunt for Rare Earth Elements

rare-earth-elements-periodic-table.gif

 

Rare earth elements are a group of seventeen (17) chemical elements that occur together in the periodic table (see image above).

The group consists of yttrium and the 15 lanthanide elements (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Scandium is found in most rare earth element deposits and is sometimes classified as a rare earth element. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry includes scandium in their rare earth element definition.

 

The global hunt for Rare Earth Elements is critical due to the fact that only China produces around 97% of all rare earths. All our new technologies have rare earth elements in them such as solar panels, wind turbines, cell phones, Flat Screen TVs, EV cars, etc. 

 
Rare Earth Element Production: This chart below shows a history of rare earth element production, in metric tons of rare earth oxide equivalent, between 1950 and 2022. It clearly shows the United States' entry into the market in the mid-1960s when color television exploded demand. When China began selling rare earths at very low prices in the late 1980s and early 1990s, mines in the United States were forced to close because they could no longer make a profit. [1] When China cut exports in 2010, rare earth prices skyrocketed. That motivated new production in the United States, Australia, Russia, Thailand, Malaysia, and other countries. In 2018 production data in Burma / Myanmar became available and boosted the "others" category. Prior to 2018, some production from Burma / Myanmar may have been unreported. Graph by Geology.com using data from United States Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries and other publications.
 
rare-earth-elements-production-history.gif
Can you make rare earth magnets?
Image result for is it safe to make rare earth magnets
Sintered neodymium magnets are made by vacuum heating the rare earth metal particles used as raw materials in a furnace and fusing them together.
The elements– chiefly neodymium, iron, and boron – are selected to result in a designated grade of magnet.
Special Note: Rare-earth magnets should not be burned. These magnets can ignite and burn at high intensity. These magnets should not be drilled or machined. Drilling and machining may produce metal powder that is flammable and may cause high heat to develop resulting in ignition.

EFFECTS ON PEOPLE

Millions of people worldwide wear neodymium magnets to promote health and wellbeing. We have found no evidence at all of detrimental effects of neodymium magnets on people or animals – many people actually believe that magnets improve health and accelerate healing!

WARNING:

MAGNETICALLY SENSITIVE ITEMS

Neodymium magnets are ten times stronger than ‘ordinary’ magnets. Keep a safe distance (at least 20cm) between the magnets and all objects that can be damaged by magnetism. Items such as mechanical watches, heart pacemakers, CRT monitors and televisions, credit cards, diskettes, and other magnetically stored media such as video tapes are all affected by powerful magnets.

 Facts about Neodymium Magnets

 The oersted is the coherent derived unit of the auxiliary magnetic field H in the centimetre–gram–second system of units. It is equivalent to 1 dyne per maxwell.

1 Oe in: is equal to
Derivation: 1 dyn/Mx
Named after: Hans Christian Ørsted
SI units: (4π)−1×103 A/m ≈ 79.57747 A/m
Ørsted's law, or Oersted's Law states that when a steady electric current passes through a wire it creates a magnetic field around it.
The International System of Units (SI), commonly known as the metric system, is the international standard for measurement. The International Treaty of the Meter was signed in Paris on May 20, 1875 by seventeen countries, including the United States and is now celebrated around the globe as World Metrology Day.
The seven Base SI Units are the Second for Time, the Metre for Length, the Ampere for Electric Current, the Candela for Luminous Intensity, the Mole for Amount of Substance, the Kilogram for Mass, and the Kelvin for Thermodynamic Temperature.

 

 

Grades Of Neodymium Magnets

Neodymium Magnets start with the letter ‘N’, all the names of neodymium magnets begin with ‘N’ for neodymium. The number that follows is a little more technical as this represents the maximum energy product of the magnet in ‘Mega-Gauss Oersteds’ (MGOe). This is the primary indicator of a magnet's ‘strength’. Simply, the higher the maximum energy product value, the greater the magnetic field the magnet will generate in a particular application.

The grades generally available to buy, range from N30 to N52 as lower grades are generally no longer manufactured.
Higher grades should be used where the highest performance is needed and the available space for the magnet is limited and cannot be increased. Otherwise, it would be more beneficial to use two N42 magnets instead of one N52 magnet. At times, you may also see one or two letters tagged onto the end of a grade.
These letters determine the temperature rating and represent the maximum operating temperature the magnet can withstand before it begins to lose its magnetism permanently. These ratings should always be treated as a guide value as other factors such as size and shape also have an impact on the performance of a magnet at high temperatures.

Neodymium magnet grades and their magnetic properties.

 

Remanence

BR

mT

(kGs)

 

 

Coercive Force

HcB

kA/m

(kOe)

 

 

Intrinsic Coercive Force

Hcj

kA/m

(kOe)

 

 

Max. energy product

(BH)max

 

kJ/m3

 

 

Max. Operating Temperature

 

 

TW

 

N35

1170-1220

(11.7-12.2)

?868

(?10.9)

?955

(?12)

263-287

(33-36)

80°C

N38

1220-1250

(12.2-12.5)

?899

(?11.3)

?955

(?12)

287-310

(36-39)

80°C

N40

1250-1280

(12.5-12.8)

?907

(?11.4)

?955

(?12)

302-326

(38-41)

80°C

N42

1280-1320

(12.8-13.2)

?915

(?11.5)

?955

(?12)

318-342

(40-43)

80°C

N45

1320-1380

(13.2-13.8)

?923

(?11.6)

?955

(?12)

342-366

(43-46)

80°C

N48

1380-1420

(13.8-14.2)

?923

(?11.6)

?955

(?12)

366-390

(46-49)

80°C

N50

1400-1450

(14.0-14.5)

?796

(?10.0)

?876

(?11)

382-406

(48-51)

80°C

N52

1430-1480

(14.3-14.8)

?796

(?10.0)

?876

(?11)

398-422

(50-53)

80°C

33M

1130-1170

(11.3-11.7)

?836

(?10.5)

?1114

(?14)

247-263

(31-33)

100°C

35M

1170-1220

(11.7-12.2)

?868

(?10.9)

?1114

(?14)

263-287

(33-36)

100°C

38M

1220-1250

(12.2-12.5)

?899

(?11.3)

?1114

(?14)

287-310

(36-39)

100°C

40M

1250-1280

(12.5-12.8)

?923

(?11.6)

?1114

(?14)

302-326

(38-41)

100°C

42M

1280-1320

(12.8-13.2)

?955

(?12.0)

?1114

(?14)

318-342

(40-43)

100°C

45M

1320-1380

(13.2-13.8)

?995

(?12.5)

?1114

(?14)

342-366

(43-46)

100°C

48M

1360-1430

(13.6-14.3)

?1027

(?12.9)

?1114

(?14)

366-406

(48-49)

100°C

50M

1400-1450

(14.0-14.5)

?1033

(?13.0)

?1114

(?14)

382-406

(48-51)

100°C

35H

1170-1220

(11.7-12.2)

?868

(?10.9)

?1353

(?17)

263-287

(33-36)

120°C

38H

1220-1250

(12.2-12.5)

?899

(?11.3)

?1353

(?17)

287-310

(36-39)

120°C

40H

1250-1280

(12.5-12.8)

?923

(?11.6)

?1353

(?17)

302-326

(38-341)

120°C

42H

1280-1320

(12.8-13.2)

?955

(?12.0)

?1353

(?17)

318-342

(40-43)

120°C

45H

1320-1360

(13.2-13.6)

?963

(?12.1)

?1353

(?17)

342-366

(43-46)

120°C

48H

1370-1430

(13.7-14.3)

?995

(?12.5)

?1353

(?17)

366-390

(46-49)

120°C

35SH

1170-1220

(11.7-12.2)

?876

(?11.0)

?1592

(?20)

263-287

(33-36)

150°C

38SH

1220-1250

(12.2-12.5)

?907

(?11.4)

?1592

(?20)

287-310

(36-39)

150°C

40SH

1240-1280

(12.5-12.8)

?939

(?11.8)

?1592

(?20)

302-326

(38-41)

150°C

45SH

1320-1380

(13.2-13.8)

?1003

(?12.6)

?1592

(?20)

342-366

(43-46)

150°C

28UH

1020-1080

(10.2-10.8)

?764

(?9.6)

?1990

(?25)

207-231

(26-29)

180°C

30UH

1080-1130

(10.8-11.3)

?812

(?10.2)

?1990

(?25)

223-247

(28-31)

180°C

33UH

1130-1170

(11.3-11.7)

?852

(?10.7)

?1990

(?25)

247-271

(31-34)

180°C

35UH

1180-1220

(11.8-12.2)

?860

(?10.8)

?1990

(?25)

263-287

(33-36)

180°C

38UH

1220-1250

(12.2-12.5)

?876

(?11.0)

?990

(?25)

287-310

(36-39)

180°C

40UH

1240-1280

(12.5-12.8)

?899

(?11.3)

?1990

(?25)

302-326

(38-41)

180°C

28EH

1040-1090

(10.4-10.9)

?780

(?9.8)

?2388

(?30)

207-231

(26-29)

200°C

30EH

1080-1130

(10.8-11.3)

?812

(?10.2)

?2388

(?30)

223-247

(28-31)

200°C

33EH

1130-1170

(11.3-11.7)

?876

(?10.5)

?2388

(?30)

247-271

(31-34)

200°C

35EH

1170-1220

(11.7-12.2)

?876

(?11.0)

?2388

(?30)

263-287

(33-36)

200°C

38EH

1220-1250

(12.2-12.5)

?899

(?11.3)

?2388

(?30)

287-310

(36-39)

200°C

28AH

1040-1090

(10.4-10.9)

?787

(?9.9)

?2624

(?33)

207-231

(26-29)

230°C

30AH

1080-1130

(10.8-11.3)

?819

(?10.3)

?2624

(?33)

223-247

(28-31)

230°C

33AH

1130-1170

(11.3-11.7)

?843

(?10.6)

?2624

(33)

247-371

(31-34)

230°C

 

 

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